Boyles Law Worked Sample Chemistry Problem

If you trap a sample of air and measure its volume at different pressures (constant temperature), then you can determine a relation between volume and pressure. If you do this experiment, you will find that as the pressure of a gas sample increases, its volume decreases. In other words, the volume of a gas sample at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. The product of the pressure multiplied by the volume is a constant: PV k or V k/P or P k/V where P is pressure, V is volume, k is a constant, and the temperature and quantity of gas are held constant. This relationship is called Boyles Law, after Robert Boyle, who discovered it in 1660. Key Takeaways: Boyle's Law Chemistry Problems Simply put, Boyles states that for a gas at constant temperature, pressure multiplied by volume is a constant value. The equation for this is PV k, where k is a constant.At a constant temperature, if you increase the pressure of a gas, its volume decreases. If you increase its volume, the pressure decreases.The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.Boyles law is a form of the Ideal Gas Law. At normal temperatures and pressures, it works well for real gases. However, at high temperature or pressure, it is not a valid approximation. Worked Example Problem The sections on the General Properties of Gases and Ideal Gas Law Problems may also be helpful when attempting to work Boyles Law problems. Problem A sample of helium gas at 25Â °C is compressed from 200 cm3 to 0.240 cm3. Its pressure is now 3.00 cm Hg. What was the original pressure of the helium? Solution Its always a good idea to write down the values of all known variables, indicating whether the values are for initial or final states. Boyles Law problems are essentially special cases of the Ideal Gas Law: Initial: P1 ?; V1 200 cm3; n1 n; T1 T Final: P2 3.00 cm Hg; V2 0.240 cm3; n2 n; T2 T P1V1 nRT (Ideal Gas Law) P2V2 nRT so, P1V1 P2V2 P1 P2V2/V1 P1 3.00 cm Hg x 0.240 cm3/200 cm3 P1 3.60 x 10-3 cm Hg Did you notice that the units for the pressure are in cm Hg? You may wish to convert this to a more common unit, such as millimeters of mercury, atmospheres, or pascals. 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 10mm/1 cm 3.60 x 10-2 mm Hg 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 1 atm/76.0 cm Hg 4.74 x 10-5 atm Source Levine, Ira N. (1978). Physical Chemistry. University of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill.

Essay on Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth

Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout Macbeth, we are introduced to several interesting characters that influence events for good or bad. Perhaps the most complete character of all could be argued to be Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth often takes centre stage and reveals her emotions to the audience through several soliloquies. Because she is such a complex character, the audience has to make their own conclusions about her personality and drive behind her actions. To me, she appears at first to be loving but ambitious. By the end of the play, Lady Macbeth is revealed to be cruel but loyal, aggressive, ruthless and neurotic. The fact that she kills herself shows how mentally†¦show more content†¦We first are introduced to Lady Macbeth reading the letter from her husband in Act 1 Scene 5. From this scene we learn that she is ambitious, Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Her ruthless side has not been revealed yet because she just says that she wants her husband t o be King, she doesnt go in to any gory details. We do not learn how she will do this until later on in the play. It becomes clear that she holds high hopes for her husband. At first it may appear to be just because she loves him, but as the scene progresses, we find out that she is actually determined that she will be Queen. Basically she is going to use Macbeth to satisfy her own desires. She also gives the impression that she feels Macbeth is too honest to be King, that he is too full of the milk of human kindness. She realises that he will probably reluctantly kill the King and so she may have to push him along. We can see this by the eagerness she shows in wishing her husband home, Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear. What is most disturbing is that in the arrival of her beloved husband, she is obviously still thinking about King Duncan. When Macbeth tells her that Duncan is going to stay at their residence, she immediately tells him that Duncan will not le ave the place alive, OShow MoreRelatedThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares Macbeth has been a theatrical favorite since Elizabethan times. Its timeless themes of ambition, fate, violence, and insanity collaborate to produce a captivating plot. The audience traces the disintegration of a tragic hero and his willful wife. Lady Macbeth, one of Shakespeares most forcefully drawn female characters, plays an important role in the play Macbeth. She has a profound influence over the actionRead MoreEssay Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1403 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In act 1 scene, we see lady MacBeth reading a letter that her husband, MacBeth has sent her, it has been written as a soliloquy, she reads aloud to the audience how he has been given information about his future by a group of witches. MacBeth sent this letter to his wife quickly, he is was obviously pleased with the news and wanted her to know about it. This gives the audience the impression that Lady MacBeth was very dominantRead MoreLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth is strong, incisive, completely in control, ‘To alter favour is to fear, leave all the rest to me.’ At this point Lady Macbeth is the stronger of her and Macbeth. 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In Lady Macbeths first scene she is reading a letter from her husband telling her about the witchs predictions. Upon reading the letter she instantly decides to obtain the crown for Macbeth through any possible means. Lady Macbeth is viewed as very controlling, strong, and certain;Read MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William Shakespeares Play1016 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William Shakespeares Play At the start of this play Macbeth is mentioned by witches which doesn’t give him credibility with the audience, whilst soon after Macbeth is seen as a brave, loyal and trustworthy servant of his king, Duncan. Almost as soon as the play starts, you hear of Macbeth’s bravery; â€Å"Brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name†¦Like Valour’s minion.† But soon after he has his meeting with the witches he is alreadyRead More Lady Macbeths Strategy in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth1612 Words   |  7 PagesLady Macbeths Strategy in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth In the seventh scene of act one Macbeth has left the banquet, and expresses his doubts about murdering Duncan in a monologue. Lady Macbeth comes in, and argues with Macbeth, until she manages to convince him, that he has to murder Duncan. To do that Lady Macbeth uses mainly two arguments. Letting I dare not? wait upon ?I would? like the poor cat i? the adage? (lines 43-44). 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The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 1 Free Essays

string(26) " as it surged toward him\." It wasn’t so much the hunting. It was the killing. That was what brought Gordie Wilson out to the Santa Ana foothills on a sunny May morning like this. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now That was why he was cutting school even though he wasn’t sure he’d get away with forging his morals signature on another readmit. It wasn’t the wild-flower-splashed hills, the sky blue lupines, or the fragrant purple sage. It was the wet, plopping sound when lead met flesh. The kill. Gordie preferred big game, but rabbits were always available-if you knew how to dodge the rangers. He’d never been caught yet. He’d always liked killing. When he was seven, he’d gotten robins and starlings with his BB gun. When he was nine, it had been ground squirrels with a shotgun. Twelve, and his dad took him on a real hunting trip, going after white-tailed deer with an old .243 Winchester. That had been so special. But then, every kill was special. It was like his dad said: â€Å"Good hunts never end.† Every night in bed Gordie thought about the very best ones, remembering the stalking, the shooting, the electric moment of death. He even hunted in his dreams. For one instant, as he made his way along the dry creek bed, a memory flickered at him, like a little tongue of flame. A nightmare. Just once Gordie had dreamed that he was on the other side of the rifle sights, the one with dogs snapping behind him, the one being hunted. A chase that had only ended when he woke up dripping sweat. Stupid dream. He wasn’t a rabbit, he was a hunter. Top of the food chain. He’d gotten a moose last year. Big game like that was worth observing, studying, planning for. But not rabbits. Gordie just liked to come up here and kick them out of the bushes. This was a good place. A sage-covered slope rising toward a stand of oak and sycamore trees, with some good brush piles underneath for cover. Bound to be a bunny under one of those. Then he saw it. Right out in the open. Little desert cottontail sunning itself near a squat of grass. It was aware of him, but still. Frozen. Terrific, Gordie thought. He knew how to sneak up on a rabbit, get so close he could practically catch it with bare hands. The trick was to make the rabbit think you didn’t see it. If you only looked at it sideways, if you walked kind of zigzag while slowly getting closer and closer†¦ As long as its ears stayed down, instead of up and swiveling, you were safe. Gordie edged carefully around a lemonade berry bush, looking out of the corner of his eye. He was so close now that he could see the rabbit’s whiskers. Pure happiness filled him, warmth pooling in his stomach. It was going to hold still for him. God, this was the exciting part, the gooood part. Breath held, he raised the rifle, centered the crosshairs. Got ready to gently squeeze the trigger. There was an explosion of motion, a gray-brown blur and the flash of a white tail. It was getting away! Gordie’s rifle barked, but the slug struck the ground just behind the rabbit, kicking up dust. The rabbit bounded on, down into the dry creek bed, losing itself among the cattails. Damn! He wished he’d brought a dog. Like his dad’s beagle, Aggie. Dogs were crazy about the chase. Gordie loved to watch them do it, loved to draw it out, waiting for the dog to bring the rabbit around in a circle. It was a shame to end a good chase too soon. His dad sometimes let a rabbit go if it ran a good enough race, but that was crazy. What good was a hunt without the kill? There were times when Gordie†¦ wondered about himself. He sensed vaguely that his hunting was somehow different than his dad’s. He did things when he was alone that he never told anybody about. When he was five, he used to pour rubbing alcohol on earwigs. They’d writhed a long time before they died. Even now he would swerve to run over a possum or a cat in the road if he could. Killing felt so good. Any kind of killing. That was Gordie Wilson’s little secret. The bunny was gone. He’d spooked it. Or †¦ Maybe something else had. A strange feeling was growing in Gordie. It had developed so slowly he hadn’t even noticed when it started, and it was like nothing he’d ever felt before -at least awake. A †¦ rabbit-feeling. Like what a rabbit might feel when it freezes, crouched down, with the hunter’s eyes on it. Like what a squirrel might feel when it sees something big creeping slowly closer. A†¦ watched feeling. The skin on the back of his neck began to crawl. There were eyes watching him. He felt it with the part of his brain that hadn’t changed in a hundred million years. The reptile part. Gingerly, flesh still creeping, he turned. Directly behind him three old sycamores grew close enough together to cast a shade. But the darkness underneath was too dark to be just a shadow. It was more like a black vapor hanging there. Something was under those trees. Something else had been watching the rabbit. Now it was watching him. The black vapor seemed to stir. White teeth glinted out of the darkness, as bright as sunlight on water. Gordie’s eyes bulged in their sockets. What the-what was it? The vapor moved again and he saw. Only-it couldn’t be. It couldn’t be what he thought he saw, because it-just couldn’t be. Because there wasn’t anything like that in the world, so it just couldn’tIt was beyond anything he’d ever imagined. When it moved, it moved fast. Gordie got off one shot as it surged toward him. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 1" in category "Essay examples" Then he turned and ran. He went the way the rabbit had, slipping and slithering down the slope, tearing his jeans and his hands on prickly pear cactus. The thing he’d seen was right behind him. He could hear it breathing. His foot caught on a stone, and he fell heavily, arms flailing. He rolled over and saw it in the full sunlight. His mouth sagged open. He tried to scoot away on his backside, but sheer terror paralyzed his muscles. Deliberately it closed in. A loose, blubbery wail came from Gordie’s lips. His last wild thought was Not me-not me-I’m not a rabbit-not meeeeee – His heart stopped before it even got its teeth in him. Jenny was brushing her hair, really brushing it, feeling it crackle and lift by itself to meet the plastic bristles in the static electricity of this golden May afternoon. She gazed absently at her own reflection, seeing a girl with forest green eyes, dark as pine needles, and eyebrows that were straight, like two decisive brush strokes. The hair that lifted to meet the brush was the color of honey in sunlight. â€Å"They didn’t do it.† Jenny stopped abruptly. A girl was reflected behind her in the mirror. The girl had dark hair and dark eyes reddened with crying. She looked poised for flight out of the bathroom. â€Å"I’m sorry?† â€Å"I said, they didn’t do it. Slug and P.C. They didn’t kill your friend Summer.† Oh. Jenny found herself gripping the brush hard, unable to even turn her head. She could only look at the girl’s eyes reflected in the mirror, but she understood now. â€Å"I never said they did,† she said softly and carefully. â€Å"I just told the police that they were around that night. And that they stole something from my living room. A paper house. A game.† â€Å"I hate you.† Shocked, Jenny turned. â€Å"You and your preppy friends-you did it. You killed her yourselves. And someday everybody will know and you’ll pay and you’ll be sorry.† The girl was twisting a Kleenex between slim olive-tan fingers, tearing it into little bits. Her long hair was absolutely straight except for the slight undersweep of the ends, and her dark eyes were pensive. She didn’t belong at Vista Grande High; Jenny had never seen her before. Jenny put the brush down and went to her, facing her directly. The girl looked taken aback. â€Å"Why were you crying?† Jenny said gently. â€Å"Why should you care? You’re a soshe. You wear your fancy clothes to school and hang out with your rich friends-â€Å" â€Å"Who’s rich? What have my clothes got to do with it?† Jenny could feel her eyebrows come together. She looked pointedly at the girl’s fashionably tattered designer jeans. The girl spoke sullenly. â€Å"You’re a soshe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny grabbed her. â€Å"I am not a soshe,† she said fiercely. â€Å"I am a human being. So are you. So what is your problem?† The girl wouldn’t say anything. She twisted under Jenny’s hands, and Jenny felt the small bones in her shoulders. Finally, almost spitting it in Jenny’s face, she said, â€Å"P.C. was my friend. He never did anything to that girl. You and your friends did something, something so bad that you had to hide her body and tell those lies. But you just wait. I can prove P.C. didn’t hurt her. I can prove it.† Despite the warm day, hairs rose on Jenny’s arms. Her little fingers tingled. â€Å"What do you mean?† Something in her face must have scared the girl. â€Å"Never mind.† â€Å"No, you tell me. How could you prove it? Did you-â€Å" â€Å"Let go of me!† I’m being rough, Jenny realized. I’m never rough. But she couldn’t seem to stop. Chills were sweeping over her, and she wanted to shake the information out of the girl. â€Å"Did you see him or something?† she demanded. â€Å"Did he come home the next morning alone? Did you see what he did with the paper hou-â€Å" Pain exploded against her shinbone. The girl had kicked her. Jenny lost her grip, and the girl wrenched away, running to the bathroom door. â€Å"Wait! You don’t understand-â€Å" The girl jerked the door open and darted out. Jenny hopped after her, but by the time she looked up and down the second-story walkway, the girl was gone. There were only a few bits of twisted Kleenex on the concrete floor. Jenny hobbled over to the nearest locker bay and looked into it. Nothing but students and lockers. Then she limped back and looked over the railing of the open walkway to the main courtyard. Nothing but students with lunches. Young. The girl had been young, probably a ninth grader. Maybe she’d come from Magnolia Junior High. It was within walking distance. Whoever she was, Jenny had to find her. Whoever she was, she’d seen something. She might know†¦ I left my purse in the bathroom, Jenny realized. She retrieved it and slowly walked back out. The pay phone beside the bathroom was ringing. Jenny glanced around-two teachers were locking up a classroom, students were streaming down the stairs on each end of the building. Nobody seemed to be waiting for a call, nobody even seemed to notice the ringing. Jenny lifted the receiver. â€Å"Hello,† she said, feeling foolish. She heard an electronic hiss, white noise. Then there was a click, and in the static she seemed to hear a low whispering in a male voice. It was distorted, drawn out, and there was something weird about the way the syllables were stressed. It sounded like one word whispered over and over. A as in amble. Then a dragging, hissing sigh: ish. A†¦ ish†¦ Gibberish. â€Å"Hello?† Shhshhshhshhshhshhshh. Click. In the background she heard something that might have been speech, a sharp, staccato burst. Again, the rhythm was weird. It sounded like some very foreign language. Bad connection, Jenny thought. She hung up. Her little fingers were tingling again. But she didn’t have time to think about it now. That girl had to be found. I’d better get the others, Jenny thought. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 1, Essay examples

Survey Questionnaire Analysis - Solution is Just a Click Away

Question: Describe about the Survey Questionnaire Analysis? Answer: 1. Advantages and disadvantages of using mail questionnaires Dillman et al. (2014) opined that using online mail questionnaires enables the researcher to collect data from a large volume of respondents and it saves the conveyance cost, printing cost and other survey costs. However, Mooi and Sarstedt (2011) argued that the use of online questionnaire suggests that the researcher is sample biased. The researcher is thus targeting only the part of population who are using internet services. However Janssen et al. (2010) contradicted by claiming that mail questionnaires generate more respondents as they can be quickly completed. The mail questionnaires have to be framed in a short structure because the long length of the questionnaire may result in crashing of the system or non-response from the respondents. Moreover, data security is also important in case of surveys. However, in mail surveys it is not possible to maintain the security of the respondents. The response collected from a mail survey is of low quality and if the respondent is literal ly not strong then the response will not be correct. 2. Methods to increase the response rates of mail questionnaires Nicki can adopt the following measures in order to increase the response rate of the mail surveys Setting target Rather than targeting the mass respondents Nicki should target the group of respondents who he personally knows. For instance, Nicki can target the university students, teachers and alumni members (Rossi et al. 2013). Personalizing the email invitations - Direct and personal invitation from Nicki to the target respondent will result in prompt response from the recipient. Short and informative introduction Nicki needs to give a short introduction that will include only the important points like personal information of Nicki, purpose of the study, time length of the survey and benefit of the survey (Wilson, 2011). Avoid graphics and keep length short- In order to generate response Nicki should keep the length short and should avoid any kind of designer computer graphics because that would distract the respondent (Frazer and Lawley, 2001). Sending of reminder emails - Continuous probing by the surveyor will force the respondent to eventually respond to the mail questionnaire. Thus, Nicki should keep on sending reminder mails about the response to the targeted respondents. 3. Evaluation of introduction part of Nickis questionnaires Drnyei and Taguchi (2010) opined that an introduction of a mail questionnaire should include the following concepts namely a thank you statement to welcome the participation of the respondents, topic of survey, expected time of completion and confidentiality statement. Keeping in mind these factors following will be an ideal introduction for Nickis survey. Dear Respondent (Mention the name) Welcome to the Business Information Technology online shopping survey I, Nicki Sorensen, a final year student of BIT is conducting a survey on online shopping services. Thank you for agreeing to take part in this survey. This project aims at gaining your thoughts and opinions in order to better serve you in future. The survey will take only 10 minutes to complete. Be assured that confidentiality and ethics will be maintained in case of all your answers. Click next to begin the survey. Thanks and regards Nicki Sorensen 4. Evaluation of personal data in questionnaires 4a. Discussion on different viewpoints In framing the personal questions in a mail questionnaire, the researchers either put the questions in the beginning or put the questions at the end. However, different researcher has different viewpoints for the same. Leece et al. (2004) feels that since the response rate of mail questionnaires are low hence the surveyor should include the personal questions at the end so that the respondents are able to solve the easier part at the beginning and deal with the personal part later. Further Heerwegh and Loosveldt (2008) commented that the initial use of the personal questions might generate a sense of rejection of resentment on the part of the respondent. However, in case of certain surveys there is a recruitment questionnaire. Barrios et al. (2010) stated that a recruitment questionnaire is the type of questionnaire that includes only personal questions about the respondents. In these types of surveys if the respondent profile matches the required profile of the research only then th e researcher progresses with the survey. Hence, in such cases the personal information question should be included in the beginning of the survey. Thus if the surveyor is conducting a survey based on focus group interview then the survey will include the personal questions at the beginning. 4b. Recommendations In case of online or mail surveys the use of focus group survey is difficult because if the respondent profile do not match the profile of the researcher than the researcher will have to terminate the research and since the respondent is not physically present hence the termination is not possible. Hence, in this case it is advisable to include personal information at the end of the questionnaire so that the reluctant part of the survey is included at the end. The mail questionnaires generate low responses and since the survey is about online shopping experience hence the researcher should give more stress on the customer satisfaction surveys rather than on the personal information. Hence, to avoid non-response on the part of the majority of the respondents the researcher should include the personal questions at the end. 5. Verification of closed questions The research question requires being mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive in nature. According to Phillips (2011) the individual answers mentioned as options in the survey questionnaire cannot be true at the same time. Hence, the answers mentioned in the survey options needs to be exclusive to each other. Moreover, the answer options mentioned should cover the overall possibilities of answers that can exist for the particular question. Otherwise, the researcher will not get the overall view of the survey. If the researcher frame questions keeping in mind the above two factors, then the questionnaire will be accurate and complete. In the sample questionnaire, certain flaws may be noticed. In question number 4, the researcher did not include all possible places for accessing of internet like cyber cafes. Hence, it is not collectively exhaustive. However, Nicki maintains mutual exclusiveness in his questions. Especially in question 1, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10 the mutual exclusiveness has been maintained by grouping the numbers exclusively. Moreover, the direct yes no option in the question 8 shows a mutual exclusivity in the questionnaire preparation (Van Gelder et al. 2010). 6. Evaluation of phrasing of Nickis questions According to Silverman (2010) the surveyor should include neutral words and should avoid leading questions in a questionnaire. For instance in question 5, Nicki should avoid the direct tone and frame the question using How often do you engage in online activities in a week? Since this is a mail survey, hence it is advisable to avoid open-ended questions like question number 7, 11, 12 and 13. These questions should also be framed in closed ended questions for better response. Housden (2010) opined that majority of the respondents do not like to write in details. Hence, avoidance of open-ended questions will generate more responses. In the use of the likert scale it is advisable to use the options strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. However, in the questionnaire Nicki has use the options slightly agree, slightly disagree instead of agree, and disagree. The use of slightly agree and slightly disagree will make the decision difficult for the respondents. They will be confused whether to agree or be neutral in their opinion. Hence, the likert scale needs modifications. Finally, the structuring of the options is not correct. In question five and six, Nicki should have arranged the answers in ascending order so that it becomes easy to interpret. In the current structure, the respondents will have difficulty and the confusion will make it time consuming for the respondents to give correct responses (Malhotra et al. 2007). 7. Advantages and disadvantages of face-to face interviews According to Lindhjem and Navrud (2011) following are the advantages of face-to-face interviews Accurate data The respondent being interviewed directly has less scope of providing inaccurate data. The responses are true, accurate and leading in the right direction. Hence, the researcher will be able to make an accurate analysis. High response rate - The response rates of the face-to-face interviews are higher than the online interviews. The respondent finds it difficult to avoid the surveys if they are approached directly and are forced to answer either willingly or unwillingly (Fan and Yan, 2010). Access to verbal and non-verbal response - The surveyor has the option to capture not only the verbal response but also the non-verbal and facial expression of the respondent related to the survey. The body language during the response helps the surveyor to understand the actual emotions and reactions related to the survey topic. However, there are certain disadvantages of face-to-face interviews as well. Financial constraint The surveyor will have to incur high conveyance cost, printing cost and other survey costs like employing more surveyors for the process. Thus if the surveyor is a student or small organization, face-to-face interview may be difficult. Time consuming This process is time consuming. The surveyor will have to collect the data personally then make manual entries of the data in SPSS or excels so that the analysis can be completed. Hence, the research work takes more time to get completed (Hanna, 2012). Limited sample size The sample size of the project gets limited, as the researcher will not be able to cover a large mass of respondents for the interviews. References: Barrios, M., Villarroya, A., Borrego, ., and Oll, C. (2010). Response rates and data quality in web and mail surveys administered to PhD holders.Social Science Computer Review. Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., and Christian, L. M. (2014).Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. John Wiley Sons. Drnyei, Z., and Taguchi, T. (2010).Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing. Routledge. Fan, W., and Yan, Z. (2010). Factors affecting response rates of the web survey: A systematic review.Computers in Human Behavior,26(2), 132-139. Frazer, L., and Lawley, M. (2001).Questionnaire design and administration. Wiley. Hanna, P. (2012). Using internet technologies (such as Skype) as a research medium: a research note.Qualitative Research,12(2), 239-242. Heerwegh, D., and Loosveldt, G. (2008). Face-to-face versus web surveying in a high-internet-coverage population differences in response quality.Public Opinion Quarterly,72(5), 836-846. Housden, M. (2010).Market information and research. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Janssen, P. M., Visser, N. A., Dorhout, M. S., Klijn, C. J., Algra, A., and Rinkel, G. J. (2010). Comparison of telephone and face-to-face assessment of the modified Rankin Scale.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland),29(2), 137-139. Leece, P., Bhandari, M., Sprague, S., Swiontkowski, M. F., Schemitsch, E. H., Tornetta III, P., ... and Guyatt, G. H. (2004). Internet versus mailed questionnaires: a controlled comparison (2).Journal of medical Internet research,6(4). Lindhjem, H., and Navrud, S. (2011). Are Internet surveys an alternative to face-to-face interviews in contingent valuation?.Ecological economics,70(9), 1628-1637. Malhotra, N. K., Birks, D. F., Palmer, A., and Koenig-Lewis, N. (2007). Market research: an applied approach.Journal of marketing management,27, 1208-1213. Mooi, E., and Sarstedt, M. (2011).A concise guide to market research: The process, data, and methods using IBM SPSS statistics. Springer Science Business Media. Phillips, A. (2011). A marginalised future for market research?.International Journal of Market Research, 53(6), p.735. Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., and Anderson, A. B. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of survey research. Academic Press. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2010).Qualitative research. Sage. Van Gelder, M. M., Bretveld, R. W., and Roeleveld, N. (2010). Web-based questionnaires: the future in epidemiology?.American Journal of Epidemiology, kwq291. Wilson, A. (2011).Marketing research: an integrated approach 3rd edition(No. 3rd). FT Prentice Hall.